Para muchos padres está claro que el antiguo dicho “la letra con sangre entra” no corre en estos tiempos. Sin embargo, la gran mayoría no sabe que además del evidente repudio al castigo físico, distintos estudios han comprobado que el castigo en general es perjudicial para los niños y lo más increíble de todo, totalmente ineficaz.

Según estudios hechos en Chile, uno de cada 6 niños sufre algún tipo de violencia por parte de sus padres, incluyendo castigos físicos y verbales, y de ellos la mayoría asume como algo razonable que así sea.
Sin embargo, para la connotada psicóloga infantil de la Universidad Católica, Neva Milicic, “es un gran error aplicar cualquier tipo de castigo a los hijos, porque provocan daños importantes en su desarrollo. El problema está en que los padres creen que está bien castigar y decirle al hijo ‘como te sacaste malas notas no vas al cumpleaños de tu amigo’, y no saben que no sólo eso es dañino para los niños, sino que además no sirve de nada, porque los castigos no son efectivos”.

El riesgo de castigar

En Estados Unidos, distintos investigadores han concluido que los estilos parentales coercitivos -es decir, aquellos padres que utilizan el castigo como una forma de educar a sus hijos- se relacionan con conductas de violencia y desadaptación cuando los hijos son preadolescentes y adolescentes.
Como señala Neva Milicic, “los hijos de padres estrictos, también denominados Harsh Parents por las corrientes de investigación norteamericanas, tienen una gran probabilidad de presentar problemas conductuales y una marcada tendencia a involucrarse en conductas de riesgo”.
Según explica, los padres castigadores y estrictos tienden a ser muy exigentes y al mismo tiempo muy poco sensibles a las necesidades de los niños. “En general los papás autoritarios son menos nutritivos para sus hijos, y eso acarrea consecuencias muy importantes en la vida de ellos”, iindica.
En general, los niños criados en el estilo autoritario son más tímidos y tienen una autoestima más baja en relación a los menores que han crecido en ambientes más amorosos y acogedores.

Estrés y castigo


Gracias a las intensas campañas contra la violencia intrafamiliar y el maltrato infantil, los padres están mucho más conscientes del daño que provoca en los niños.
Por eso mismo, muchos evitan castigar físicamente a sus hijos, pero a cambio los sancionan privándolos de salir a jugar, de ir a un cumpleaños o de ver televisión.
Incluso, en opininión de Neva Milicic, “hay literatura muy difundida entre los padres que avala el castigo y el estilo coercitivo para sancionar a los hijos cuando no han respetado una norma impuesta por sus padres”.
Para la psicóloga, “este aumento del castigo está muy influenciado por el alto nivel de estrés al que están sometidos los padres. Muchos llegan a las ocho de la noche a la casa, tan cansados, que tienen un nivel muy bajo de tolerancia para atender a los hijos. Eso hace que ante cualquier error de los niños los padres sobrerreaccionen y los castiguen más de la cuenta”.
A su juicio, el estrés de los padres hace que muchas veces ocupen términos inapropiados para llamar la atención a sus hijos, y eso puede ser demoledor del auto-concepto del niño.
Por eso es importante dialogar sin violencia, y al momento de sancionar no referirse al sujeto sino a la acción, es decir, los papás no pueden decirle a sus hijos ‘eres mentiroso’, porque lo indicado es que le digan ‘es muy malo mentir’.


La alternativa al castigo

En el libro “A ser feliz también se aprende”, de Neva Milicic, la psicóloga explica que los padres deben tener claro que para educar y enseñar a los hijos no es necesario castigar; aunque si es importante que los niños aprendan que sus conductas tienen consecuencias y que debe tener alguna sanción frente a los problemas que crea.
Como se indica en el libro, “si un niño rompe intencionalmente una planta (no accidentalmente), la mamá puede expresarle su pena y decirle: “Me da mucha pena que hayas roto mi planta y quisiera que aprendieras a cuidarla conmigo. Anda un rato a tu pieza mientras yo ordeno, y tú reflexiona un poco, y después buscaremos una manera de hacer una plantita nueva”.
El objetivo es que los niños aprendan por las consecuencias naturales de sus conductas. En lo posible, explica Neva Milicic en su libro, “apenas esté en edad de hacerlo, hay que preguntarle cómo podría arreglar la situación en que ha fallado y cómo podría evitar que le sucediera en el futuro”.
La diferencia, como explica la profesional, “es que en el castigo el niño paga su culpa, pero no hace propósitos para el futuro ni repara su falta. La idea es que no hagan las cosas por miedo, porque eso pierde su efectividad en cuanto la persona que ejerce el castigo desaparece”.

"Privación de privilegios"

Cuando los niños tienen claro cuál es el tipo de conducta que sus padres esperan de ellos, es importante que entiendan que deben cumplir con ellas. Por ejemplo, si un niño sabe que debe hacer sus tareas entre las cuatro y las cinco de la tarde y no las hace porque a esa hora prefirió jugar al computador, tendrá que hacerlas a las seis o a las siete, aunque a esa hora estén dando su programa favorito.
Esto es lo que se conoce como privación de privilegios, que a juicio de Neva Milicic es muy distinto al castigo.
Esta privación de privilegios no es más que la consecuencia que el niño provocó, porque si hubiera hecho su tarea en el momento debido, podría haber visto sin problemas su programa de televisión.
Según las últimas investigaciones esta es la medida más efectiva, porque conduce a la autodisciplina, que debería ser la meta de todo sistema educativo.
Según explica la psicóloga, para enseñar a los hijos a ser disciplinados, a obedecer, a respetar y a cumplir con lo que se espera de él, es fundamental que los padres promuevan normas y límites democráticos, y a enfrentar los errores que cometan con tranquilidad y cariño.
Fuente:Revista Padres ok

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